@misc{liu-baraniuk-sonkar-2026-circuit-complexity-kt,
  title = {{Circuit Complexity of Hierarchical Knowledge Tracing and Implications for Log-Precision Transformers}},
  author = {Naiming Liu and Richard Baraniuk and Shashank Sonkar},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.23823v1 [cs.LG], 25 March 2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.23823},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2603.23823}
}

@misc{gurung-et-al-2026-coasting-through-class,
  title = {{Coasting Through Class: Learning Opportunity Loss from Practice Avoidance During Individual Seatwork}},
  author = {Ashish Gurung and Jordan Gutterman and Danielle R. Thomas and Mingyu Feng and Vincent Aleven and Kenneth R. Koedinger},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (L@S 2026)},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.25014},
  doi = {10.1145/3774398.3811601}
}

@misc{worden-heffernan-heffernan-sonkar-2026-foundationalassist,
  title = {{FoundationalASSIST: An Educational Dataset for Foundational Knowledge Tracing and Pedagogical Grounding of LLMs}},
  author = {Eamon Worden and Cristina Heffernan and Neil Heffernan and Shashank Sonkar},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.00070v1 [cs.CY], 20 January 2026},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.00070},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2602.00070}
}

@misc{christie-hauru-rafferty-2026-fractional-information-gain,
  title = {{Fractional Information Gain: A Personalization Metric for Black-Box Predictive Models}},
  author = {S. Thomas Christie and Markus Hauru and Anna N. Rafferty},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Measurement and Education Conference (AIME-Con 2026), Volume 1: Full Papers, pp. 109–116, National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME)},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2026.aimecon-main.12/}
}

@misc{thomas-et-al-2026-learning-system-wall-multimodal-tutoring,
  title = {{Towards Breaking the Learning System Wall Using Multimodal Tutoring Transcriptions}},
  author = {Danielle R. Thomas and Marie Cynthia Abijuru Kamikazi and Ashish Gurung and Ishan Miglani and Shivang Gupta and Zachary Levonian and Conrad Borchers and Kenneth R. Koedinger},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {arXiv preprint 2609.36502v1 [cs.HC]},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.36502},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.36502}
}

@misc{wikiskill-2608-27454,
  title = {{WikiSkill: Compiling Agent Experience into Persistent Knowledge for Skill Evolution}},
  author = {Liyan Tang and Cyrus Rashtchian and Chun-Sung Ferng and Andrew Tomkins and Da-Cheng Juan and Tu Vu},
  year = {2026},
  howpublished = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2608.27454v1},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.27454}
}

@misc{hou-et-al-2025-fluckt,
  title = {{Cognitive Fluctuations Enhanced Attention Network for Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Mingliang Hou and Xueyi Li and Teng Guo and Zitao Liu and Mi Tian and Renqiang Luo and Weiqi Luo},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 39(13) (AAAI-25), pp. 14265–14273},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i13.33562},
  doi = {10.1609/aaai.v39i13.33562}
}

@misc{bai-et-al-2025-lefokt,
  title = {{Rethinking and Improving Student Learning and Forgetting Processes for Attention Based Knowledge Tracing Models}},
  author = {Youheng Bai and Xueyi Li and Zitao Liu and Yaying Huang and Mi Tian and Weiqi Luo},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 39(27) (AAAI-25), pp. 27822–27830},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i27.34998},
  doi = {10.1609/aaai.v39i27.34998}
}

@misc{gurung-et-al-2025-starting-seatwork-earlier,
  title = {{Starting Seatwork Earlier as a Valid Measure of Student Engagement}},
  author = {Ashish Gurung and Jionghao Lin and Zhongtian Huang and Conrad Borchers and Ryan S. Baker and Vincent Aleven and Kenneth R. Koedinger},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2025), pp. 303–316},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.13341},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.15870183}
}

@misc{cheng-et-al-2025-ukt,
  title = {{Uncertainty-aware Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Weihua Cheng and Hanwen Du and Chunxiao Li and Ersheng Ni and Liangdi Tan and Tianqi Xu and Yongxin Ni},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 39(27) (AAAI-25), pp. 27905–27913},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v39i27.35007},
  doi = {10.1609/aaai.v39i27.35007}
}

@misc{zhang-liu-shang-li-jiang-2024-qmckt,
  title = {{A Question-centric Multi-experts Contrastive Learning Framework for Improving the Accuracy and Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Models}},
  author = {Hengyuan Zhang and Zitao Liu and Chenming Shang and Dawei Li and Yong Jiang},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data 19(2), pp. 1–25 (2025); deposited copy is the arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.07322v3 [cs.CY], 5 July 2024},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07322v3},
  doi = {10.1145/3674840}
}

@misc{braithwaite-siegler-2024-unified-model-of-arithmetic,
  title = {{A Unified Model of Arithmetic With Whole Numbers, Fractions, and Decimals}},
  author = {David W. Braithwaite and Robert S. Siegler},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {Psychological Review, 131(2), 431–455},
  url = {https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10447645-unified-model-arithmetic-whole-numbers-fractions-decimals},
  doi = {10.1037/rev0000440}
}

@misc{cui-et-al-2024-dgekt,
  title = {{DGEKT: A Dual Graph Ensemble Learning Method for Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Chaoran Cui and Yumo Yao and Chunyun Zhang and Hebo Ma and Yuling Ma and Zhaochun Ren and Chen Zhang and James Ko},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {ACM Transactions on Information Systems 42(3), article 78, pp. 1–24},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.12881v1},
  doi = {10.1145/3638350}
}

@misc{cheng-et-al-2024-dygkt,
  title = {{DyGKT: Dynamic Graph Learning for Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Ke Cheng and Linzhi Peng and Pengyang Wang and Junchen Ye and Leilei Sun and Bowen Du},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 30th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD ’24), pp. 409–420},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.20824v1},
  doi = {10.1145/3637528.3671773}
}

@misc{li-et-al-2024-stablekt,
  title = {{Enhancing Length Generalization for Attention Based Knowledge Tracing Models with Linear Biases}},
  author = {Xueyi Li and Youheng Bai and Teng Guo and Zitao Liu and Yaying Huang and Xiangyu Zhao and Feng Xia and Weiqi Luo and Jian Weng},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-24), Main Track, pp. 5918–5926},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/654},
  doi = {10.24963/ijcai.2024/654}
}

@misc{li-et-al-2024-extrakt,
  title = {{Extending Context Window of Attention Based Knowledge Tracing Models via Length Extrapolation}},
  author = {Xueyi Li and Youheng Bai and Teng Guo and Ying Zheng and Mingliang Hou and Bojun Zhan and Yaying Huang and Zitao Liu and Boyu Gao and Weiqi Luo},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {ECAI 2024 (27th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence), Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications vol. 392, IOS Press, pp. 1479–1486},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3233/FAIA240651},
  doi = {10.3233/faia240651}
}

@misc{zhou-bamler-wu-tejero-cantero-2024-psi-kt,
  title = {{Predictive, scalable and interpretable knowledge tracing on structured domains}},
  author = {Hanqi Zhou and Robert Bamler and Charley M. Wu and Álvaro Tejero-Cantero},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2024), pp. 35609–35622},
  url = {https://proceedings.iclr.cc/paper\_files/paper/2024/hash/99238c9d7ad8c6d138dc417fd8e3740c-Abstract-Conference.html}
}

@misc{shen-et-al-2024-rekt,
  title = {{Revisiting Knowledge Tracing: A Simple and Powerful Model}},
  author = {Xiaoxuan Shen and Fenghua Yu and Yaqi Liu and Ruxia Liang and Qian Wan and Kai Yang and Jianwen Sun},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM '24), pp. 263–272},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3664647.3681205},
  doi = {10.1145/3664647.3681205}
}

@misc{koedinger-carvalho-liu-mclaughlin-2023-learning-rate,
  title = {{An astonishing regularity in student learning rate}},
  author = {Kenneth R. Koedinger and Paulo F. Carvalho and Ran Liu and Elizabeth A. McLaughlin},
  year = {2023},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 120(13), e2221311120},
  url = {https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10068755/},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.2221311120}
}

@misc{liu-et-al-2023-atdkt,
  title = {{Enhancing Deep Knowledge Tracing with Auxiliary Tasks}},
  author = {Zitao Liu and Qiongqiong Liu and Jiahao Chen and Shuyan Huang and Boyu Gao and Weiqi Luo and Jian Weng},
  year = {2023},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023 (WWW '23), pp. 4178–4187},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.07942v1},
  doi = {10.1145/3543507.3583866}
}

@misc{im-et-al-2023-folibi,
  title = {{Forgetting-aware Linear Bias for Attentive Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Yoonjin Im and Eunseong Choi and Heejin Kook and Jongwuk Lee},
  year = {2023},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM '23), pp. 3958–3962},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.14796v1},
  doi = {10.1145/3583780.3615191}
}

@misc{chen-liu-huang-liu-luo-2023-qikt,
  title = {{Improving Interpretability of Deep Sequential Knowledge Tracing Models with Question-centric Cognitive Representations}},
  author = {Jiahao Chen and Zitao Liu and Shuyan Huang and Qiongqiong Liu and Weiqi Luo},
  year = {2023},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37(12) (AAAI-23), pp. 14196–14204},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.06885v3},
  doi = {10.1609/aaai.v37i12.26661}
}

@misc{xia-wang-zhuge-sha-2023-kt-clustering,
  title = {{Knowledge Tracing Model and Student Profile Based on Clustering-Neural-Network}},
  author = {Jianghua Xia and Han Wang and Qingfeng Zhuge and Edwin Hsing-Mean Sha},
  year = {2023},
  howpublished = {Applied Sciences, 13(9), article 5220},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095220},
  doi = {10.3390/app13095220}
}

@misc{mostert-hickendorff-2023-word-problems-fraction-arithmetic,
  title = {{Pizzas or no pizzas: An advantage of word problems in fraction arithmetic?}},
  author = {T.M.M. Mostert and M. Hickendorff},
  year = {2023},
  howpublished = {Learning and Instruction, 86, article 101775},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2023.101775},
  doi = {10.1016/j.learninstruc.2023.101775}
}

@misc{huang-liu-zhao-luo-weng-2023-sparsekt,
  title = {{Towards Robust Knowledge Tracing Models via k-Sparse Attention}},
  author = {Shuyan Huang and Zitao Liu and Xiangyu Zhao and Weiqi Luo and Jian Weng},
  year = {2023},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR '23), pp. 2441–2445},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.17097v1},
  doi = {10.1145/3539618.3592073}
}

@misc{yin-et-al-2023-dtransformer,
  title = {{Tracing Knowledge Instead of Patterns: Stable Knowledge Tracing with Diagnostic Transformer}},
  author = {Yu Yin and Le Dai and Zhenya Huang and Shuanghong Shen and Fei Wang and Qi Liu and Enhong Chen and Xin Li},
  year = {2023},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023 (WWW '23), pp. 855–864},
  url = {https://yxonic.github.io/pdfs/yin2023tracing.pdf},
  doi = {10.1145/3543507.3583255}
}

@misc{shen-et-al-2022-dimkt,
  title = {{Assessing Student's Dynamic Knowledge State by Exploring the Question Difficulty Effect}},
  author = {Shuanghong Shen and Zhenya Huang and Qi Liu and Yu Su and Shijin Wang and Enhong Chen},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR '22), pp. 427–437},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3477495.3531939},
  doi = {10.1145/3477495.3531939}
}

@misc{song-et-al-2022-bi-clkt,
  title = {{Bi-CLKT: Bi-Graph Contrastive Learning based Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Xiangyu Song and Jianxin Li and Qi Lei and Wei Zhao and Yunliang Chen and Ajmal Mian},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Knowledge-Based Systems 241, article 108274 (April 2022)},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.09020v1},
  doi = {10.1016/j.knosys.2022.108274}
}

@misc{luo-et-al-2022-dagkt,
  title = {{DAGKT: Difficulty and Attempts Boosted Graph-Based Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Rui Luo and Fei Liu and Wenhao Liang and Yuhong Zhang and Chenyang Bu and Xuegang Hu},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Neural Information Processing: 29th International Conference, ICONIP 2022, Virtual Event, November 22–26, 2022, Proceedings, Part II (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, published 2023), pp. 255–266},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.15470v1},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-30108-7\_22}
}

@misc{tong-et-al-2022-hgkt,
  title = {{Introducing Problem Schema with Hierarchical Exercise Graph for Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Hanshuang Tong and Zhen Wang and Yun Zhou and Shiwei Tong and Wenyuan Han and Qi Liu},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR '22), pp. 405–415},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.16915v6},
  doi = {10.1145/3477495.3532004}
}

@misc{zhang-chen-lalwani-maclellan-2022-dkt-multistep,
  title = {{Modifying Deep Knowledge Tracing for Multi-step Problems}},
  author = {Qiao Zhang and Zeyu Chen and Natasha Lalwani and Christopher J. MacLellan},
  year = {2022},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2022), Durham, United Kingdom, pp. 684–688},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6853145},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.6853145}
}

@misc{guo-et-al-2021-atkt,
  title = {{Enhancing Knowledge Tracing via Adversarial Training}},
  author = {Xiaopeng Guo and Zhijie Huang and Jie Gao and Mingyu Shang and Maojing Shu and Jun Sun},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM '21), pp. 367–375},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.04430v1},
  doi = {10.1145/3474085.3475554}
}

@misc{gurung-botelho-heffernan-2021-response-time-decomposition,
  title = {{Examining Student Effort on Help through Response Time Decomposition}},
  author = {Ashish Gurung and Anthony F. Botelho and Neil T. Heffernan},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {LAK21: 11th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, April 12–16, 2021, Irvine, CA, USA. ACM, pp. 292–301},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3448139.3448167},
  doi = {10.1145/3448139.3448167}
}

@misc{shen-et-al-2021-lpkt,
  title = {{Learning Process-consistent Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Shuanghong Shen and Qi Liu and Enhong Chen and Zhenya Huang and Wei Huang and Yu Yin and Yu Su and Shijin Wang},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 27th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD ’21), pp. 1452–1460},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3447548.3467237},
  doi = {10.1145/3447548.3467237}
}

@misc{pavlik-eglington-harrell-williams-2021-lkt,
  title = {{Logistic Knowledge Tracing: A Constrained Framework for Learner Modeling}},
  author = {Pavlik, Jr., Philip I. and Luke G. Eglington and Leigh M. Harrell-Williams},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 14(5), pp. 624–639},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.00869},
  doi = {10.1109/tlt.2021.3128569}
}

@misc{wang-et-al-2021-hawkeskt,
  title = {{Temporal Cross-Effects in Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Chenyang Wang and Weizhi Ma and Min Zhang and Chuancheng Lv and Fengyuan Wan and Huijie Lin and Taoran Tang and Yiqun Liu and Shaoping Ma},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM '21), pp. 517–525},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3437963.3441802},
  doi = {10.1145/3437963.3441802}
}

@misc{long-et-al-2021-iekt,
  title = {{Tracing Knowledge State with Individual Cognition and Acquisition Estimation}},
  author = {Ting Long and Yunfei Liu and Jian Shen and Weinan Zhang and Yong Yu},
  year = {2021},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR '21), pp. 173–182},
  url = {https://wnzhang.net/papers/2021-sigir-iekt.pdf},
  doi = {10.1145/3404835.3462827}
}

@misc{lan-botelho-karumbaiah-baker-heffernan-2020-monotonic-affect,
  title = {{Accurate and Interpretable Sensor-free Affect Detectors via Monotonic Neural Networks}},
  author = {Andrew S. Lan and Anthony Botelho and Shamya Karumbaiah and Ryan S. Baker and Neil Heffernan},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Companion Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Learning Analytics \& Knowledge (LAK20), poster paper},
  url = {https://learninganalytics.upenn.edu/ryanbaker/LAK\_poster2020-final.pdf}
}

@misc{ghosh-heffernan-lan-2020-akt,
  title = {{Context-Aware Attentive Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Aritra Ghosh and Neil Heffernan and Andrew S. Lan},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery \& Data Mining (KDD ’20), pp. 2330–2339},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.12324v1},
  doi = {10.1145/3394486.3403282}
}

@misc{yang-et-al-2020-gikt,
  title = {{GIKT: A Graph-Based Interaction Model for Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Yang Yang and Jian Shen and Yanru Qu and Yunfei Liu and Kerong Wang and Yaoming Zhu and Weinan Zhang and Yong Yu},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: European Conference, ECML PKDD 2020, Ghent, Belgium, September 14–18, 2020, Proceedings, Part I (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, published 2021), pp. 299–315},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.05991v1},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-67658-2\_18}
}

@misc{sonkar-waters-lan-grimaldi-baraniuk-2020-qdkt,
  title = {{qDKT: Question-Centric Deep Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Shashank Sonkar and Andrew E. Waters and Andrew S. Lan and Phillip J. Grimaldi and Richard G. Baraniuk},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2020), pp. 677–681},
  url = {https://educationaldatamining.org/files/conferences/EDM2020/papers/paper\_35.pdf}
}

@misc{pandey-srivastava-2020-rkt,
  title = {{RKT: Relation-Aware Self-Attention for Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Shalini Pandey and Jaideep Srivastava},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM 2020), pp. 1205–1214},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.12736},
  doi = {10.1145/3340531.3411994}
}

@misc{tong-et-al-2020-skt,
  title = {{Structure-based Knowledge Tracing: An Influence Propagation View}},
  author = {Shiwei Tong and Qi Liu and Wei Huang and Zhenya Huang and Enhong Chen and Chuanren Liu and Haiping Ma and Shijin Wang},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {2020 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), pp. 541–550},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDM50108.2020.00063},
  doi = {10.1109/icdm50108.2020.00063}
}

@misc{choi-et-al-2020-saint,
  title = {{Towards an Appropriate Query, Key, and Value Computation for Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Youngduck Choi and Youngnam Lee and Junghyun Cho and Jineon Baek and Byungsoo Kim and Yeongmin Cha and Dongmin Shin and Chan Bae and Jaewe Heo},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (L@S '20), pp. 341–344},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.07033v5},
  doi = {10.1145/3386527.3405945}
}

@misc{gervet-koedinger-schneider-mitchell-2020-when-deep-learning,
  title = {{When is Deep Learning the Best Approach to Knowledge Tracing?}},
  author = {Theophile Gervet and Ken Koedinger and Jeff Schneider and Tom Mitchell},
  year = {2020},
  howpublished = {Journal of Educational Data Mining, 12(3), pp. 31–54},
  url = {https://jedm.educationaldatamining.org/index.php/JEDM/article/view/451},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.4143614}
}

@misc{pandey-karypis-2019-sakt,
  title = {{A Self-Attentive model for Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Shalini Pandey and George Karypis},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2019), pp. 384–389},
  url = {https://educationaldatamining.org/edm2019/proceedings/}
}

@misc{nagatani-et-al-2019-forgetting,
  title = {{Augmenting Knowledge Tracing by Considering Forgetting Behavior}},
  author = {Koki Nagatani and Qian Zhang and Masahiro Sato and Yan-Ying Chen and Francine Chen and Tomoko Ohkuma},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 2019 World Wide Web Conference (WWW '19), pp. 3101–3107},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313565},
  doi = {10.1145/3308558.3313565}
}

@misc{choffin-popineau-bourda-vie-2019-das3h,
  title = {{DAS3H: Modeling Student Learning and Forgetting for Optimally Scheduling Distributed Practice of Skills}},
  author = {Benoît Choffin and Fabrice Popineau and Yolaine Bourda and Jill-Jênn Vie},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2019)},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.06873},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.1905.06873}
}

@misc{yeung-2019-deep-irt,
  title = {{Deep-IRT: Make Deep Learning Based Knowledge Tracing Explainable Using Item Response Theory}},
  author = {Chun-Kit Yeung},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2019), pp. 683–686},
  url = {https://educationaldatamining.org/edm2019/proceedings/}
}

@misc{nakagawa-iwasawa-matsuo-2019-gkt-rlgm,
  title = {{Graph-based Knowledge Tracing: Modeling Student Proficiency Using Graph Neural Network}},
  author = {Hiromi Nakagawa and Yusuke Iwasawa and Yutaka Matsuo},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI '19), pp. 156–163},
  url = {https://rlgm.github.io/papers/70.pdf},
  doi = {10.1145/3350546.3352513}
}

@misc{lee-yeung-2019-kqn,
  title = {{Knowledge Query Network for Knowledge Tracing: How Knowledge Interacts with Skills}},
  author = {Jinseok Lee and Dit-Yan Yeung},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Analytics \& Knowledge (LAK19), pp. 491–500},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.02146v2},
  doi = {10.1145/3303772.3303786}
}

@misc{abdelrahman-wang-2019-skvmn,
  title = {{Knowledge Tracing with Sequential Key-Value Memory Networks}},
  author = {Ghodai Abdelrahman and Qing Wang},
  year = {2019},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 42nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR '19), pp. 175–184},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.13197v1},
  doi = {10.1145/3331184.3331195}
}

@misc{yeung-yeung-2018-dkt-plus,
  title = {{Addressing Two Problems in Deep Knowledge Tracing via Prediction-Consistent Regularization}},
  author = {Chun-Kit Yeung and Dit-Yan Yeung},
  year = {2018},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the Fifth Annual ACM Conference on Learning at Scale (L@S 2018), pp. 1–10},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.02180},
  doi = {10.1145/3231644.3231647}
}

@misc{liu-koedinger-2017-closing-the-loop,
  title = {{Closing the Loop: Automated Data-Driven Cognitive Model Discoveries Lead to Improved Instruction and Learning Gains}},
  author = {Ran Liu and Kenneth R. Koedinger},
  year = {2017},
  howpublished = {Journal of Educational Data Mining, 9(1), pp. 25–41},
  url = {https://jedm.educationaldatamining.org/index.php/JEDM/article/view/212},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.3554625}
}

@misc{zhang-shi-king-yeung-2017-dkvmn,
  title = {{Dynamic Key-Value Memory Networks for Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Jiani Zhang and Xingjian Shi and Irwin King and Dit-Yan Yeung},
  year = {2017},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW '17), pp. 765–774},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.08108v2},
  doi = {10.1145/3038912.3052580}
}

@misc{rau-matthews-2017-multiple-representations-fractions,
  title = {{How to make ‘more’ better? Principles for effective use of multiple representations to enhance students’ learning about fractions}},
  author = {Martina A. Rau and Percival G. Matthews},
  year = {2017},
  howpublished = {ZDM Mathematics Education, 49(4), 531–544},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-017-0846-8},
  doi = {10.1007/s11858-017-0846-8}
}

@misc{botelho-baker-heffernan-2017-sensor-free-affect,
  title = {{Improving Sensor-Free Affect Detection Using Deep Learning}},
  author = {Anthony F. Botelho and Ryan S. Baker and Neil T. Heffernan},
  year = {2017},
  howpublished = {Artificial Intelligence in Education: 18th International Conference, AIED 2017, Wuhan, China, June 28 – July 1, 2017, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), pp. 40–51},
  url = {https://learninganalytics.upenn.edu/ryanbaker/paper\_59.pdf},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-61425-0\_4}
}

@misc{zhang-xiong-zhao-botelho-heffernan-2017-rich-features,
  title = {{Incorporating Rich Features into Deep Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Liang Zhang and Xiaolu Xiong and Siyuan Zhao and Anthony Botelho and Neil T. Heffernan},
  year = {2017},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the Fourth (2017) ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale (L@S 2017), pp. 169–172},
  url = {https://beardeer.github.io/wpi\_public\_html/papers/LS2017\_paper\_42.pdf},
  doi = {10.1145/3051457.3053976}
}

@misc{xiong-zhao-van-inwegen-beck-2016-going-deeper,
  title = {{Going Deeper with Deep Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Xiaolu Xiong and Siyuan Zhao and Eric G. Van Inwegen and Joseph E. Beck},
  year = {2016},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2016), pp. 545–550},
  url = {https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED592679}
}

@misc{khajah-lindsey-mozer-2016-how-deep,
  title = {{How Deep is Knowledge Tracing?}},
  author = {Mohammad Khajah and Robert V. Lindsey and Michael C. Mozer},
  year = {2016},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2016), pp. 94–101},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1604.02416}
}

@misc{patel-liu-koedinger-2016-block-vs-interleave,
  title = {{When to Block versus Interleave Practice? Evidence Against Teaching Fraction Addition before Fraction Multiplication}},
  author = {Rony Patel and Ran Liu and Kenneth R. Koedinger},
  year = {2016},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2016), pp. 2069–2074},
  url = {https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4h12h31r}
}

@misc{piech-2015-deep-knowledge-tracing,
  title = {{Deep Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Chris Piech and Jonathan Bassen and Jonathan Huang and Surya Ganguli and Mehran Sahami and Leonidas Guibas and Jascha Sohl-Dickstein},
  year = {2015},
  howpublished = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 28 (NIPS 2015)},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.05908}
}

@misc{benassi-overson-hakala-2014-applying-science-of-learning,
  title = {{Applying science of learning in education: Infusing psychological science into the curriculum}},
  author = {Victor A. Benassi and Catherine E. Overson and Christopher M. Hakala},
  year = {2014},
  howpublished = {Society for the Teaching of Psychology, STP e-Books series (edited volume, ISBN 978-1-941804-29-2)},
  url = {https://teachpsych.org/ebooks/asle2014/}
}

@misc{rau-aleven-rummel-pardos-2014-sequencing-representations,
  title = {{How Should Intelligent Tutoring Systems Sequence Multiple Graphical Representations of Fractions? A Multi-Methods Study}},
  author = {M. A. Rau and V. Aleven and N. Rummel and Z. Pardos},
  year = {2014},
  howpublished = {International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 24(2), pp. 125–161},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-013-0011-7},
  doi = {10.1007/s40593-013-0011-7}
}

@misc{yudelson-koedinger-gordon-2013-individualized-bkt,
  title = {{Individualized Bayesian Knowledge Tracing Models}},
  author = {Michael V. Yudelson and Kenneth R. Koedinger and Geoffrey J. Gordon},
  year = {2013},
  howpublished = {Artificial Intelligence in Education: 16th International Conference, AIED 2013, Memphis, TN, USA, July 9–13, 2013, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7926), pp. 171–180},
  url = {https://www.cs.cmu.edu/{\textasciitilde{}}ggordon/yudelson-koedinger-gordon-individualized-bayesian-knowledge-tracing.pdf},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-39112-5\_18}
}

@misc{koedinger-mclaughlin-stamper-2012-automated-student-model-improvement,
  title = {{Automated Student Model Improvement}},
  author = {Kenneth R. Koedinger and Elizabeth A. McLaughlin and John C. Stamper},
  year = {2012},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM 2012), pp. 17–24},
  url = {https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED537201.pdf}
}

@misc{koedinger-corbett-perfetti-2012-kli,
  title = {{The Knowledge-Learning-Instruction Framework: Bridging the Science-Practice Chasm to Enhance Robust Student Learning}},
  author = {Kenneth R. Koedinger and Albert T. Corbett and Charles Perfetti},
  year = {2012},
  howpublished = {Cognitive Science, 36(5), pp. 757–798},
  url = {https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED535880.pdf},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01245.x}
}

@misc{siegler-thompson-schneider-2011-integrated-theory-fractions,
  title = {{An integrated theory of whole number and fractions development}},
  author = {Robert S. Siegler and Clarissa A. Thompson and Michael Schneider},
  year = {2011},
  howpublished = {Cognitive Psychology 62(4), pp. 273–296},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2011.03.001},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cogpsych.2011.03.001}
}

@misc{son-senk-2010-reform-curricula-fraction-multiplication-division,
  title = {{How reform curricula in the USA and Korea present multiplication and division of fractions}},
  author = {Ji-Won Son and Sharon L. Senk},
  year = {2010},
  howpublished = {Educational Studies in Mathematics, 74(2), pp. 117–142},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-010-9229-6},
  doi = {10.1007/s10649-010-9229-6}
}

@misc{rau-aleven-rummel-2009-multiple-representations-self-explanation,
  title = {{Intelligent Tutoring Systems with Multiple Representations and Self-Explanation Prompts Support Learning of Fractions}},
  author = {Martina A. Rau and Vincent Aleven and Nikol Rummel},
  year = {2009},
  howpublished = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2009), Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications vol. 200, pp. 441–448, IOS Press},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-028-5-441},
  doi = {10.3233/978-1-60750-028-5-441}
}

@misc{pavlik-cen-koedinger-2009-pfa,
  title = {{Performance Factors Analysis: A New Alternative to Knowledge Tracing}},
  author = {Pavlik, Jr., Philip I. and Hao Cen and Kenneth R. Koedinger},
  year = {2009},
  howpublished = {Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED 2009), Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, 200, pp. 531–538},
  url = {https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED506305.pdf}
}

@misc{panaoura-gagatsis-deliyianni-elia-2009-beliefs-representations-fractions,
  title = {{The structure of students’ beliefs about the use of representations and their performance on the learning of fractions}},
  author = {Areti Panaoura and Athanasios Gagatsis and Eleni Deliyianni and Iliada Elia},
  year = {2009},
  howpublished = {Educational Psychology, 29(6), pp. 713–728},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410903229437},
  doi = {10.1080/01443410903229437}
}

@misc{aleven-koedinger-2002-self-explanation-cognitive-tutor,
  title = {{An effective metacognitive strategy: learning by doing and explaining with a computer-based Cognitive Tutor}},
  author = {Vincent A.W.M.M. Aleven and Kenneth R. Koedinger},
  year = {2002},
  howpublished = {Cognitive Science 26(2), pp. 147–179},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog2602\_1},
  doi = {10.1207/s15516709cog2602\_1}
}

@misc{corbett-anderson-1995-knowledge-tracing,
  title = {{Knowledge Tracing: Modeling the Acquisition of Procedural Knowledge}},
  author = {Albert T. Corbett and John R. Anderson},
  year = {1995},
  howpublished = {User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 4(4), pp. 253–278},
  url = {https://act-r.psy.cmu.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/893CorbettAnderson1995.pdf},
  doi = {10.1007/bf01099821}
}